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People building the future of the social web — interoperable and decentralized — need to protect themselves against copyright liability. Like anyone who creates and operates platforms for user-uploaded content, the hosts of the decentralized social web can take preventive measures to reduce their legal exposure when a user posts material that violates someone’s copyright.

This post gives an overview of the steps to take. It’s meant for operators of Mastodon and other ActivityPub servers, Bluesky hosts, RSS mirrors, and other decentralized social media protocols, and developers of apps for those protocols — but it will apply to other hosts as well. This isn’t legal advice, and can’t substitute for a consultation with a lawyer about your specific circumstances. It focuses on U.S. law — the law may impose different requirements elsewhere. Still, we hope it helps you get started with confidence.

Why should I care? Copyright’s Sword of Damocles

In some circumstances, the operator of a platform that handles user content can be legally responsible for content that infringes copyright. That can happen when the platform operator is directly involved in copying or distributing the copyrighted material, when they promote or knowingly assist the infringement, or when they benefit financially from infringement while being in a position to supervise it. But these judge-made rules are often difficult and uncertain to apply in practice — and the penalties for being found on the wrong side of the law can be severe. Copyright’s “statutory damages” regime allows for massive, unpredictable financial liability. That’s why it’s important to limit your risk.

For Server Operators: Limiting Risk with the DMCA Safe Harbors

If you run a social network server, the safe harbor provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) are an important way to limit your liability risk. The DMCA shields server operators from nearly all forms of copyright liability that can result from “storage at the direction of a user” — in other words, hosting user-uploaded content. But to qualify for this protection, there are steps a server operator has to take.

1. Designate A Contact To Receive Copyright Infringement Notices

First, you’ll need to provide contact information for someone who can receive infringement notices (a “designated agent”). That information needs to be posted in at least two places: on your server in a place visible to users (such as a “DMCA” page or post, or as part of your Terms of Service), and in the U.S. Copyright Office’s “Designated Agent Directory.” To post that information to the directory, you have to create an account at https://www.copyright.gov/dmca-directory/ and pay a small fee. The directory listings expire after three years, and once expired, your safe harbor protection goes away, so it’s important to keep that listing current.

2. Respond Promptly to Notices and Counter-notices

When you receive infringement notices, it’s important to respond to them promptly. Notices are supposed to identify the copyright holder, the copyrighted work they claim was infringed, and the post they claim is infringing. By deleting or disabling access to the posted material, you protect yourself from liability with respect to that material.

The theory behind Section 512 is that hosts don’t have to be in a position of deciding whether a post infringes someone’s copyright — it’s up to the poster, the rights holder, and potentially a court to decide that. A host who takes down posts whenever they receive an infringement notice is well-protected. But it’s equally important to recognize that hosts aren’t required to take down content in response to every notice. Infringement notices are frequently wrong, misguided, or abusive, or simply incomplete. Hosts who want to stand up for their users’ speech can choose to disregard infringement notices that seem suspect. While this risks losing the automatic protection of the safe harbor in each instance, it can still be done safely with careful preparation, ideally using a plan crafted with help from a lawyer. Bear in mind that people sending false notices, including by failing to consider whether a post is a fair use before asking a host to take it down, can be liable for damages under the DMCA.

The DMCA also allows the person who posted the material to send a “counter-notification” asserting that they really did have the right to post and that there’s no copyright infringement. Responding to counter-notifications is a good way for a host to demonstrate that they look out for their users. When a host receives a counter-notification, they should forward it on to the person who sent the original takedown notice and let them know that the post will be restored in 10 business days. Then, after that waiting period has elapsed, the host can restore the posted material. Just like with infringement notices, a host isn’t required to honor a counter-notification that appears to be fraudulent, but there’s no penalty for honoring it anyway.

3. Have A Repeat Infringer Policy

The next requirement is to have a policy of terminating the accounts of “subscribers and account holders” who are “repeat infringers” in “appropriate circumstances,” and to carry out that policy. Yes, that’s a vague requirement. It doesn’t require a “three strikes” policy or any other sports analogy. It just needs to be reasonable. Be sure your policy is spelled out in your website terms or “DMCA” page.

4. Don’t Ignore Known Infringement

Hosts need to take down user posts whenever the host actually knows that the post is infringing. In other words, a host isn’t protected if they ignore takedown notices based on technicalities in the notices, or if they learn about the infringement some other way. But hosts don’t need to actively look for infringement on their servers — only to act when someone notifies them.

5. Don’t Encourage Infringement

Finally, make sure that nothing you post or advertise actively encourages copyright infringement. For example, don’t post examples of users uploading copyrighted music or video without permission, or insinuate that your server is a good place for infringing content.

There are some other technicalities in the DMCA that can affect the safe harbor, which is why it’s always a good idea to consult with a lawyer. But following these steps will help protect you when you run a social media server — or any other kind of user-uploaded content platform.

Since the military coup in 2021, Myanmar has witnessed an alarming escalation in digital repression. The tactics used have disproportionately affected human rights defenders (HRDs), particularly…

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