Annual No.19 (2006)

特集：激動への期待と不安　グローバリゼーション世界における「移住労働者」・下層
「山岡強一さんの死から二〇年、いま私たちはどこにいるのか」池田浩士
「現地で見たイギリス社会と〈移住労働者〉」松沢哲成
「誰が文化を盗むのか？　現代イギリスにおける『多文化主義』と寛容の陥穽」清水知子
「不定型としての反グローバル化運動と追い詰められたグローバル資本主義」小倉利丸
「切断の〈時(カイロス)〉はいつ、いかにして？　ネグリ／ハート『マルチチュード』のその先の一歩」菅孝行
「自動車産業一次下請企業における非正規雇用の変化」丹野清人
「名古屋市の自立支援事業と野宿者のアフターフォロー　自立支援事業三年の経過から」藤田博仁
「イベントと野宿者の排除」原口剛
「絡めとられる労働意識　飯場労働者の労働への意味づけについての考察」渡辺拓也
「管理と排除の典型たる第二次大戦下日本におけるユダヤ人問題　歴史修正主義批判に焦点を当てて」金子マーティン
「上野英信の『出ニッポン記』を読む　下層と国策」濱村篤

現場から
「名古屋の活動団体の結成経緯と機関誌」藤井克彦
「釜ヶ崎発の通信いくつか」原口剛
「最近の建築問題に思う」岡本祥浩
「パレスチナ現地の演劇事情」中野真紀子

映像に見る寄せ場
「下層と暴力とセクハラと　最近の映画を見ての感想」水野阿修羅
「映画『ノガタ土方』を評する」雑賀恵子

新資科・文献紹介
「最近の寄せ場・野宿者に関する文献紹介　『精読』の補遺にかえて」松本一郎・北川由紀彦

ヨセバ・クリティーク
「ナルシスティックな自己正当化の言説集　「格差社会論争」を読む」西澤晃彦
「戦犯裁判が裁かなかった実態を追及　内海愛子『日本軍の捕虜政策』を読む」松沢哲成
「『挙国一致』の跫音がしのびよりつつあるこの日々に　戦後史関係の諸書を読む」入江公康
「『七三一部隊』の新たな資料　青木冨貴子『731』／常石敬一『戦場の疫学』を読む」川上奈緒子
「『死の灰』から世界規模の放射能被害を克明に取材・調査　豊崎博光『マーシャル諸島　核の世紀1918-2004年』を読む」中西昭雄
「『社会問題研究は先ず炭鉱から』の教え　『労働運動の道しるべ　三好宏一先生論文集』を読む」田巻松雄
「高度経済成長のたくらみ　須藤功『写真ものがたり・昭和の暮らし』を読む」柴田勝紀
「〈帝国〉に抗する複数の運動を考察　ネグリ／ハート『マルチチュード』を読む」稲葉奈々子

学会日録　2005.5～2006.4
編集後記

Table of Contents Yoseba Annual 19

Photogravure At a village of the Karen people, a hill tribe in Thailand
Photos & commentary by KOYANAGI Nobuaki

Feature: The Coming Tsunami - Expectations and Anxieties over Immigrant Workers and the Lower Classes in the Age of Globalization

Twenty Years after Yamaoka Kyo'ichi's Death, Where Do We Stand?
By IKEDA Hiroshi

YAMAOKA Kyo'ichi, a leader of the day-laborer movement in San'ya and of Japan's national yoseba movement, was brutally murdered by yakuza gangsters on January 13, 1986. This paper is based on a speech delivered at a meeting marking the 20th anniversary of his death, "No Guns Can Kill A Way of Thinking," held in Nakano ward, Tokyo on 4 February 2006.
A year after the death of Yamaoka, who recognized the importance of collaborative research on yoseba, the Japan Association for the Study of Yoseba was born in April 1987. Today, we have screened the film Yama Yararetara Yarikaese (San'ya: Hit back!), a documentary on San'ya laborers completed by Yamaoka, who took over the directorship after the original director, Sato Mitsuo, was also murdered. The film gives me new insights every time I see it. The population of San'ya, the main location of the film, dropped sharply by 47% from 1964 to 1987. Director Yamaoka was wondering in the film as to where these people had gone. In retrospect, it could be that the homeless today were created during that period. Another 20 years have passed since and we are witnessing drastic changes in yoseba throughout the country. When JASY was launched, we proclaimed, "From the yoseba, you can see the world." That statement might appear to have lost validity in recent years, as yoseba have become less and less visible. However, the discrimination and human rights violations that used to be directed at the yoseba and the laborers working there are now spreading beyond the boundaries of the yoseba to enter the life of mainstream society, reflected for instance in the large number of people committing suicide these days.
As with his film, every time I re-read Yamaoka's posthumous writings, published in 1996 under the same title, I find many new points there as well, such as his analysis of those youngsters who see no choice but to become outlaws. "Capitalism consumes human beings as disposable human resources" - that simple statement seems to hold the essence of his thought.

British Society and Immigrant Workers: An Inside Report
By MATSUZAWA Tessei
There were several underlying factors behind the bombing attacks in London on July 7, 2005. They include extreme poverty and industrial decline in areas like the Midlands and Northern England, which once were the heartland of the Industrial Revolution. This may well have created bitter resentment toward the affluent capital. Besides, discrimination and xenophobia against foreign immigrants, especially Muslims, stretches back many generations. Notoriously, Britain is a society where people with titles of a certain kind - the crown, the aristocracy, MPs, clergymen, bureaucrats, Oxbridge graduates and students - are heavily privileged, whereas those with no title tend to be victimized and in the worst case may end up becoming homeless. Far from seeking to reform this system, Tony Blair and his Labor cabinet want more of the same. Blair in his third term in office has declared an end to the era of liberalism. Social control is getting tighter, with surveillance cameras everywhere and the police ready to crush and eliminate anything and anybody they choose to see as posing a terrorist threat. In response, a group of intellectuals, including the Mayor of London and several MPs, have made statements against the forced homogenization of British society, offering a glimmer of hope in these dark times..

Who's Stealing Culture? - Pitfalls in 'Multiculturalism' and Tolerance in Contemporary Britain
By SHIMIZU Tomoko
This paper discusses the ongoing controversy over, and impossibility of, 'multiculturalism' in Britain. I look back on the history of immigrant-related legislation and the changing theoretical positions over race and ethnicity since the end of the Second World War, and explain how they developed in conjunction with the economic and social changes caused by Thatcherism and its aftermath. The key terms here are 'culture,' 'autonomy,' 'ethics' and 'labor.'
With the advancement of globalization and drastic changes in the industrial structure, these terms have gradually lost credibility, leaving only the empty shell of the word 'multiculturalism,' still hovering around and taken out of context. I look at how this happened and ask why people have avoided thinking thoroughly about the nature of culture(s). The question of how we can live in harmony with others is always accompanied by another question, "how do we see ourselves?" However, otherness is perhaps something we can only encounter in the context of failure to answer that question. Bearing this in mind, we should make efforts to theorize the question of how to take back the issue of defining culture(s) from the logic of control and arrogant 'tolerance,' which is rampant today, to view it rather in terms of lived reality.

Anti-globalization as a Formless Movement; Global Capitalism Running into a Corner
By OGURA Toshimaru
The most distinctive feature of today's capitalist globalization lies in the sharp decline in the functions of nation states from the levels witnessed hitherto throughout the history of modern society. This is in sharp contrast to the accelerating capital accumulation of the private sector led by multinational corporations, which has led to immense productivity that could not be contained within the territorial boundaries of nation states, as well as a shift in industries toward the information and service sectors, which has put pressure on the public service sector to move toward privatization.
Anti-globalization movements emerged in response to this new configuration of capital and nation states that brought about numerous contradictions between capital and the state. People's movements of various sorts continue to be the largest preventative force against full implementation of the principle of free competition as they are blocking privatization and obstructing unrestricted capital investment. These movements seem to indicate the possibility of an alternative; social reform that does not seek power, aiming not to seize state power nor to regulate and improve the behavior of capital, but to negate, and create anew, the very basic foundation of politics and the economy itself.

Reading Antonio Negri and Michael Hartd, Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire
By KAN Takayuki
Negri and Hartd define the modern world as empire, that is, "a form of ruling whose purpose is to produce and reproduce every aspect of civil life" and provide a vision of multitudes that stand against the path toward Empire and promise to lead to a system of government by all and for all. However, their arguments on the interrelationship of the 'multitudes,' which they see as 'a collectivity in fighting together' and characterized by 'irreducible diversity,' are not very convincing. For instance, there is no discussion of the relationship between gender politics and the anti-WTO movement. In addition, the authors casually assume that the enemies of the Empire are united, when in fact the different segments of the oppressed multitudes will remain pitted against each other unless they succeed in attaining unity in the struggle. The authors are equally casual in talking about the 'affluence' of 'the poor.'

Changes in Irregular Employment Practices among Primary Sub-contractors in the Auto Industry
By TANNO Kiyoto
In the prolonged economic slump, new approaches to work have emerged among young people, who have been labeled 'freeters' (free part-timers) and 'NEETs' (Not in Education, Employment or Training) - labels designed to question their motivation for work. However, looking at the reality of peripheral labor, many people are not recognized as workers in their workplace but merely as a dehumanized labor force. This is the likely cause of the aforementioned phenomenon among young people. This paper looks at recent changes in the labor structure of the Japanese automobile industry, including sub-contractors, temporary workers and seasonal labors, based on primary interview data.
Although the Japanese auto industry is famous for the 'just-in-time' production system, the degree of its enforcement among sub-contractors varies. Toyota provides far more thorough instruction to its sub-contractors than Honda does, for instance. By examining the labor structure at workplaces in primary sub-contractors directly dealing with finished-car makers, I analyze the universal principles in the labor structure desired by big companies and how they play out in real life.

Nagoya City's Efforts to Encourage Homeless People's Self-support: Three Years Since the Start of the Self-support Program
By FUJITA Hirohito
In this paper, I provide a historical perspective on government measures to promote self-support among homeless people and evaluate the way in which the current programs implemented nationwide since 2000 are actually being carried out, based on a close examination of the situation in Nagoya City. I find that the national government model for encouraging self-support primarily based on employment is not proving very successful and suggest that the problem is not limited to Nagoya. Defining the homeless as 'people unemployed despite their willingness to work, due to the shortage of jobs' and concluding that the most effective countermeasure is to provide them with chances for employment is quite one-sided and inadequate, for it fails to recognize that each person has particular personal factors in becoming homeless. Hence a more specific and personal approach is required.
In the process of implementing the current structural reform, the national government has shifted the stress in its welfare policies from 'protection and relief' to 'self-support' and has focused on providing job opportunities as the primary measure to promote the policy. The new policy on homelessness is a first test case for the new approach. Thus it is important to identify current problems and discuss the tasks ahead.

Public Events and the Elimination of the Homeless
By HARAGUCHI Takeshi
On 30 January, 2006, the City of Osaka forcefully removed the belongings of shelterless people dwelling in Utsubo Park and Osaka Castle Park, both located in the center of the city on the pretext that they would offend the eye of people visiting the World Rose Convention. In response to the incident, this paper aims to clarify what kind of discourses and systems the city has used to institute and justify violence against people sleeping rough. First, I will examine the often-heard argument that the city needs to attract tourists, and point out the problems involved in an approach that understands urban space as consumer space. Second, I will characterize the rhetorical assault on rough sleepers as a 'revanchist discourse' and show how it dovetails with the 'tourist city' theory. Third, I will turn to the system that turns the aforementioned urban imagination into reality and discuss, based on a case study of Osaka's Nagai Park, how the 'privatization of public space' accelerates the elimination of rough sleepers. I conclude by suggesting a path toward constructing an alternative urban theory that could stand against the aforementioned image and system of the city.

The Exploited Sprit of Labor: Meanings Attached by Laborers to Working at Hanba
By WATANABE Takuya
There is a large overlap between yoseba laborers and hanba laborers, since jobs offered to day-laborers in yoseba often involve working at a hanba - a worksite dormitory. In recent years, the scarcity of other kinds of yoseba work contracts has left many job seekers with no choice but to go to hanba to get employed. So the hanba is playing a bigger role in the lives of day laborers and as such is an important subject to study. However, it remains an under-researched institution.
This paper examines working conditions in hanba. I first explain how day laborers are controlled as a workforce and what conditions they consequently experience. Second, I describe the nature of work in hanba and how laborers themselves find value in that work. Finally, I discuss the consequences of their evaluations and choices in the context of prevailing conditions.

The World War II Jewish problem as an Example of Control and Exclusion of Foreigners in Japan: A Critique of 'Evidence' Advanced by Revisionists
By Martin KANEKO
In recent years revisionists have advanced the claim that the Japanese war-time government had a benevolent policy towards Jews. This paper is a critical evaluation of the 'evidence' presented for this claim. The first piece of 'evidence,' the issuance of visas to Jewish refugees, was the result of an independent personal decision made by a single Japanese vice-consul, Sugihara Chiune, but is reinterpreted by revisionists as an achievement of the Japanese government, although Sugihara's activities were in fact opposed by the government. The second piece of 'evidence,' the alleged rescue of 20,000 German-Jewish refugees in Manchuria in March 1938, is pure fiction, because there were never that many Jewish refugees residing in the whole of China, including Manchuria. No supporting evidence, apart from the reports of the alleged rescuers themselves, can be found for this claim. The third piece of 'evidence' is the 'Summary of Measures in relation to Jews' decided by the Five Minister Conference on December 6, 1938. It proclaimed non-discrimination of Jews. On the very next day diplomatic missions abroad were instructed by the Foreign Office of Japan to comply with a government order 'Regarding Entry of Jewish Refugees,' dated October 7, 1938, which categorically prohibited entry of Jewish refugees to Japan. Moreover, the fact that the number of refugees accepted by the present government of Japan is by far the lowest in the international community, adds serious doubt to claims that the war-time government was benevolent to refugees.

Reading Ueno Eishin's 'Exodus from Japan'－the Lower Classes and Japanese State Policy
By HAMAMURA Atsushi
In this paper two particular years, 1960 and 1985, are taken as milestones in the reorganization of laborers in Japan. In 1985 (when Yamaoka Kyo'ichi visited Ueno Eishin for the purpose of shooting a scene from the coal-mining district of Chikuho, Kyushu, in the documentary film he was making about San'ya), the day laborers of San'ya were in the process of being reorganized by violence from outside. In 1960, the Miike Mine Strike was finally defeated and the emigration of coal miners to Central and South America under Japanese state policy reached its peak. Ueno Eishin's Exodus from Japan, (Shutsu Nippon-ki) published in 1977, is a piece of documentary literature depicting the lives of ex-coal miners who emigrated from Japan to Central and South America as a result of the reorganization of the coal mines in Japan. Many of them became wandering agricultural workers - tiny isolated individuals in a vast unknown continent. However they still managed to hang on to a strong sense of solidarity and maintained a Japanese ethnic identity, though 'Japanese' for them had a somewhat different sense to that prevalent in more traditional societies of Japanese migrants. We can recognize some early signs of an international way of thinking here.

Front-line Reports
Formation of an Activist Group in Nagoya and Its Bulletin
By FUJII Katsuhiko

Dispatches from Kamagasaki
By HARAGUCHI Tsuyoshi

Thoughts on the Recent Construction Industry Scandal
By OKAMOTO Yoshihiro

Theatrical Scenes in Palestine - Past and Present
By NAKANO Makiko

Yoseba on Screen

The Lower Classes, Violence and Sexual Harassment - Impressions from Recent Films
By MIZUNO Ashura

Reviewing the Film Nogata
By SAIGA Keiko

Survey of Recent Literature

New Writing on Yoseba and Rough Sleepers - A Supplement to the JASY Survey of 306 Yoseba-related Works
By MATSUMOTO Ichiro/ KITAGAWA Yukihiko

Yoseba Critique

Discourses of narcissistic self-justification
By NISHIZAWA Akihiko
A critique of the recent controversy over widening social inequality.

War-crimes that went untried
By MATSUZAWA Tessei
UTSUMI Aiko, Nihongun no Horyo Seisaku (The Japanese Army's Policy on POWs)

Reading history books on postwar Japan amid the creeping tyranny of 'national unity'
By IRIE Kimiyasu

Two new documents about 'Unit 731'
By KAWAKAMI Naoko
AOKI Tokiko, 731; TSUNEISHI Keiichi, Senjo no Ekigaku (Epidemiology in the Battlefield)

Detailed investigation into radioactive damage worldwide starting from the 'fallout' By Nakanishi Teruo
TOYOSAKI Hiromitsu, Marshall Shoto - Kaku no Seiki, 1941-2004 (Marshall Islands - The Nuclear Century, 1941-2004)

'Coal mines are the entry to any studies on social issues'
By TAMAKI Matsuo
Rodo Undo no Shirube - Miyoshi Ko'ichi Sensei Ronbun-shu (Collected Essays by Miyhoshi Ko'ichi)

A design for life in a period of high economic growth
By SHIBATA Katsunori
SUDO Takumi, Shashin Monogatari / Showa no Kurashi (Photo Stories / Life in the Showa Era)

Flawed assumptions on movements resisting Empire
By INABA Nanako
Antonio Negri and Michael Hartd, Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire